Current Issue : October - December Volume : 2015 Issue Number : 4 Articles : 7 Articles
The molecular gas chromatography and ion mass spectrometry parameters which obtained from analyses of gas chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry to proven normal alkanes and triterpanes parameters of the crude oil samples collected from Bahariya, Alam El Bueib and Khatatba reservoirs. The results revealing that the alkanes ratios of Bahariya and Alam El Bueib oils indicate a mature sample of mixed organic source, deposited under transitional environment. While the of Khatatba oil suggest that marine organic matters, mainly algae, deposited under reducing conditions. Triterpanes biomarkers showing that the Bahariya and Alam El Bueib oils that have the hydrocarbons derived from source rocks rich in carbonaceous organic matters. Khatatba oil is derived from marine organic matters with slightly input from terrigenous sources....
A photodegradation process of methylene blue (MB) in aqueous solution using Fe(III)/TiO2-montmorillonite photocatalyst\nis presented. The photocatalyst material was prepared using Indonesian natural montmorillonite in TiO2 pillarization process\nfollowed by Fe(III) ion exchange. Kinetic study on MB degradation was conducted and evaluated by three kinetic models: the\npseudo-first- and second-order equations and the Elovich equation. From the results, it is concluded that the degradation under\nthe photo-Fenton-like process utilizing Fe(III)/TiO2-montmorillonite photocatalyst conformed to the Elovich kinetic model....
The selection of a solvent or a solvent system is a fundamental and a crucial step in spinning fibres using a\nselected process. Solvent selection determines the critical minimum polymer concentration and the critical\nminimum chain entanglement which allows the spinning of nanofibres rather than other hybrid morphologies\nsuch as beaded structures. Pressurised gyration, which simultaneously combines the use of gas\npressure and rotation, is used as the processing and forming route for spinning fibres in this work. This\nstudy investigates 23 different solvents and solvent systems spread on a wide area of a Teas graph and\nable to dissolve the functional polymer polyethylene (terephthalate) (PET) and spin products by the\napplication of pressurised gyration. The results are mapped on a Teas graph to identify the solubilityââ?¬â??\nspinnability region. Based on this solubilityââ?¬â??spinnability region, various solvents and binary solvent systems\nthat allow the making of PET fibres are suggested. Scaling laws for the relationship between polymer\nconcentration and specific viscosity are identified. The structural evolution in the fibres prepared is\nelucidated. For the first time, a mathematical model to scale fibre diameter with respect to flow properties\nand processing parameters encountered in pressurised gyration has been successfully developed....
In this work we present the results of quantitative and qualitative analyses of oil obtained from crude oil tank bottom sludge (COTBS) generated from Azzawiya oil refinery in Libya. The aim of the study was to recover and evaluate oil from waste oily sludge and to compare it with parent oil (Hamada crude oil) in order to assess the commercial potential of recycling the oil. The benefits would be two-fold, firstly to improve oil utilisation efficiency and secondly in reducing the environmental contamination associated with the petrogenic hydrocarbon industry. Oily COTBS and extracted oil were characterised and key properties were measured including water and oil content, light and heavy hydrocarbon content, solid content and organic matter content for COTBS and water content, density, specific gravity, API (American Petroleum Institute) gravity, viscosity, salt and ash content for the extracted oil. Solvent (hexane) extraction confirmed that the oily sludge contained 42.08% (Ã?± 1.1%) oil composed of light hydrocarbons (30.7 Ã?± 0.07%) and heavy hydrocarbon (69.3 Ã?± 0.4%) fractions. The water and solid contents were 2.9% (Ã?± 0.2%) and 55.02% (Ã?± 0.6%) respectively. The properties of the recovered oil were assessed; gas chromatograph spectrophotometer (GC-MS) results indicated that the oil contained 139 different hydrocarbon fractions with a total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentration of 29,367 mgkg-1 and a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) concentration of 11,752 mgkg-1. Several parameters of the oil were measured and compared to the parent oil (Hamada crude oil) including density, specific gravity, viscosity, salt and ash content. The API of the extracted oil (33.03) was lower than the parent oil (38.8) due to a reduced light hydrocarbon (LHC) content. TGAFTIR hyphenation shows both mass loss of hydrocarbonsââ?¬â? low, medium and high molecular mass over a range of temperatures between 60Ã?°C and 450Ã?°C. crude oil extract exhibited a non-Newtonian behaviour (shear thinning) for the shear rate sweep between 10 and 500/s. dynamic shear rheology data showed that the extracted oil exhibit more like a solid than liquid. Overall the findings of the study confirmed that COTBD has a significant amount of oil similar in properties to Hamada crude oil. This large amount can be reclaimed and recycles. Depending on this essay, a commercial process could be performed which in parallel will reduce the environmental contamination with hydrocarbons....
Sustainable and efficient processes require optimal design and operating conditions. The determination\nof optimal process routes, however, is a challenging task. Either the models and underlying chemical\nreaction rate equations are not able to describe the process in a wide ranges of reaction conditions\nand thus limit the optimization space, or the models are too complex and numerically challenging to\nbe used in dynamic optimization. To address this problem, in this contribution, a reduction technique\nfor chemical reaction networks is proposed. It focuses on the sensitivity of the reaction kinetic model\nwith respect to the removal of selected reaction steps and evaluates their significance for the prediction\nof the overall system behavior. The method is demonstrated for a C1 microkinetic model describing\nmethane conversion to syngas on Rh/Al2O3 as catalyst. The original and the reduced microkinetic model\nshow excellent qualitative and quantitative agreement. Subsequently, the reduced kinetic model is used\nfor the optimization of a methane reformer to produce a hydrogen rich gas mixture as feed for polymer\nelectrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell applications....
The selection of a solvent or a solvent system is a fundamental and a crucial step in spinning fibres using a\nselected process. Solvent selection determines the critical minimum polymer concentration and the critical\nminimum chain entanglement which allows the spinning of nano fibres rather than other hybrid morphologies\nsuch as beaded structures. Pressurised gyration, which simultaneously combines the use of gas\npressure and rotation, is used as the processing and forming route for spinning fibres in this work. This\nstudy investigates 23 different solvents and solvent systems spread on a wide area of a Teas graph and\nable to dissolve the functional polymer polyethylene (terephthalate) (PET) and spin products by the\napplication of pressurised gyration. The results are mapped on a Teas graph to identify the solubilityââ?¬â??\nspinnability region. Based on this solubilityââ?¬â??spinnability region, various solvents and binary solvent systems\nthat allow the making of PET fibres are suggested. Scaling laws for the relationship between polymer\nconcentration and specific viscosity are identified. The structural evolution in the fibres prepared is\nelucidated. For the first time, a mathematical model to scale fibre diameter with respect to flow properties\nand processing parameters encountered in pressurised gyration has been successfully developed....
A series of metal oxides hollow spheres (Cr2O3, ?-Fe2O3, Co3O4, NiO and ZnO) have been fabricated using the glucose derived-carbonaceous spheres as sacrificial templates and the metal chlorides as precursors for the metal oxides in a sacrificial templating process. Heating of an aqueous solution of the metal chloride and glucose in an autoclave at 180 �ºC affords - as indicated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) - a nanospherical composite consisting of a metal precursor shell sheathing a carbonaceous core. Consequently, hollow crystalline oxides spheres are obtained by removal of the carbonaceous cores through calcination in air. Correlations between the particle size and the various synthesis conditions such as glucose concentration, the molar concentration ratio between glucose and metal chloride, temperature, reaction time and the addition of acetic acid as a catalyst are uncovered.\nThe obtained metal oxides hollow spheres were characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), x-ray powder diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms (BET). \n\nTemplate-Assisted Synthesis of Metal Oxide Hollow Spheres Utilizing Glucose Derived-Carbonaceous Spheres As Sacrificial Templates (PDF Download Available). Available from: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/273128176_Template-Assisted_Synthesis_of_Metal_Oxide_Hollow_Spheres_Utilizing_Glucose_Derived-Carbonaceous_Spheres_As_Sacrificial_Templates [accessed Oct 7, 2015]....
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